Heman Marion Sweatt was born in Houston, Texas in 1912.  After earning a degree from Wiley College in Marshall, Texas in 1934, Sweatt returned to Houston to work as a mailman.  During the early 1940s, he participated in voter-registration drives in the African American community and attended National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) meetings.  As the local secretary of the National Alliance of Postal Employees, Sweatt helped challenge employment discrimination in the post office, where blacks were excluded from supervisory positions.

In 1946, Sweatt applied to the University of Texas School of Law.  He was denied admission in accordance with state law, which required segregation by race.  Sweatt filed a lawsuit in Travis County District Court against UT President T.S. Painter on May 16, 1946.  Judge Roy C. Archer of the 126th District Court, recognizing that the State had no “separate but equal” facility for a law school, gave the State of Texas six months to “establish a law school for Negroes substantially equivalent” to the University of Texas School of Law.  The State complied and a law school at the Texas State University for Negroes was established.  Judge Archer concluded that the new school offered the petitioner “privileges, advantages, and opportunities for the study of law substantially equivalent at the University of Texas.”

Mr. Sweatt’s legal team, led by Thurgood Marshall, appealed the decision, and ultimately, in 1950, the United States Supreme Court disagreed with the lower court. While not yet denouncing “separate but equal” as the constitutional policy of the United States, the Court concluded that separate professional schools were inherently unequal. Sweatt laid the groundwork for the Court’s decision in 1954’s Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. In Brown, the Court finally concluded that, although the physical facilities may be equal, segregation solely on the basis of race deprives individuals of equal education opportunities.  Sweatt gave the Court the logic that enabled it to strike down segregation.